Want to know how scientist calculate how much substance it takes to yield certain products in reactions they use a concept called the mole. One mole of something is 6.022x10^23.
Let's study a basic reaction and determine the yield using the concept called the mole
Water has a molecular formula H2O meaning to hydrogen atoms fused to one oxygen atom
Problem: I need to know the amount of hydrogen needed in moles needed to get 16 moles of water
Work: H2+O2= 16H2O
Answer: It takes 16 moles of hydrogen to make 16 moles of water due to that they both have the same subscripts the "2" in hydrogen and oxygen if this problem were reverse let us say and we wanted to figure out the moles of oxygen it would be 8 due to the fact oxygen is naturally diatomic or has a subscript of two because it hates to be alone and water only needs to be one oxygen per molecule it would only take half the moles of oxygen to water ratio
Now that you can see how moles work in chemical equations how much does a mole weigh.
This is all dependent on the type of element and corresponds directly to the elements atomic mass. For example carbon has an accepted atomic mass of 12.0107 meaning a mole of carbon weighs 12.0107 grams or for most 12 grams so now if you take the equation above and ask how many grams of hydrogen does it take to make 16 moles of water given hydrogen atomic mass is accepted as 1 and 1x16 is 16x2 for the subscript it takes 32 grams of hydrogen to make 16 moles of water
These are the basics if you have questions please comment I will do my best to answer
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